{"id":11180,"date":"2026-08-16T22:17:22","date_gmt":"2026-08-16T15:17:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/?p=11180"},"modified":"2026-08-16T22:17:22","modified_gmt":"2026-08-16T15:17:22","slug":"may-tinh-giai-ma-tuyet-mat-giup-ket-thuc-som-the-chien-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/?p=11180","title":{"rendered":"M\u00e1y t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t m\u1eadt gi\u00fap k\u1ebft th\u00fac s\u1edbm Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\nM\u00e1y t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t m\u1eadt gi\u00fap k\u1ebft th\u00fac s\u1edbm Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II <\/h1>\n

S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Colossus, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n gi\u00fap qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed3ng minh gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, t\u1ea1o ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Theo IEEE Spectrum<\/em>, v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1941, c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m nghe l\u00e9n v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Anh thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i ti\u1ebfng r\u00e8 ho\u1eb7c \u00e2m thanh nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao, kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n ti\u1ebfng l\u1ea1ch c\u1ea1ch quen thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a m\u00e3 Morse t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Enigma m\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1eebng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1eadt m\u00e3 Lorenz, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e3 h\u00f3a v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ed1i m\u1eadt chuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n ph\u00e1t x\u00edt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh ngo\u00e0i m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u1eb7t bi\u1ec7t danh cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y m\u1eadt m\u00e3 Lorenz l\u00e0 “Tunny”, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1 ng\u1eeb. Do Enigma c\u00f3 3 ho\u1eb7c 4 b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng m\u00e3 h\u00f3a, h\u1ecd suy \u0111o\u00e1n Tunny c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng quay \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng m\u00e3 h\u00f3a g\u1ed3m 12 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, bao g\u1ed3m Anton, Bertha, Conrad v\u00e0 Dora. Nh\u00f3m gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng Tunny c\u00f3 12 b\u00e1nh xe, do \u0111\u00f3 12 c\u00e1i t\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft n\u00ean xoay b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng theo t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

John Tiltman, tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i Bletchley Park, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n, m\u1ed7i th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 1.200 k\u00fd t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i t\u00ean. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p th\u1ee9 hai h\u00f3a ra l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1edbi v\u00e0i kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 d\u1ea5u c\u00e2u v\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 1.200 c\u1eb7p k\u00fd t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n r\u00f5 (d\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c ch\u01b0a m\u00e3 h\u00f3a m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp) v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n m\u00e3 (d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1edfi thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n m\u00e3 h\u00f3a), cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 suy ra ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y Lorenz.<\/p>\n

Theo All about circuits<\/em>, n\u0103m 1942, chuy\u00ean gia gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 Bill Tutte \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p k\u00fd t\u1ef1, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y Lorenz, suy lu\u1eadn c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n quan s\u00e1t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng. Nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Max Newman \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 Thomas Flowers t\u1ea1i Tr\u1ea1m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u B\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n, ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00e1y t\u00ednh Colossus. Th\u00f4ng qua k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 logic, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u00e3 h\u00f3a v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12\/1943, phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Colossus (Mark I) \u0111i v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Anh \u1edf Bletchley Park, v\u00e0 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn Mark II ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1944. C\u1ed7 m\u00e1y l\u1edbn b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng n\u1eb7ng kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

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M\u00e1y t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 Colossus \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II. \u1ea2nh: GCHQ<\/em><\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Colossus l\u00e0 c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e1y t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. M\u00e1y t\u00ednh n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o h\u01a1n 2.000 \u0111\u00e8n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e9p to\u00e1n logic, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Colossus c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c nhanh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u0103ng gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee5c l\u1ed7 v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 5.000 k\u00fd t\u1ef1 m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y, cho ph\u00e9p x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 theo th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t gi\u1ea3i m\u1eadt m\u00e3 Lorenz.
\nD\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Colossus c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng c\u1eafm v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc. Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y cho nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng linh ho\u1ea1t trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3.<\/p>\n

M\u00e1y t\u00ednh Colossus \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 x\u1eed l\u00fd song song, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thanh ghi d\u1ecbch (linh ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u) \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e9p so s\u00e1nh. Trong khi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo ki\u1ec3u tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc, Colossus chia nh\u1ecf thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ed1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. Colossus c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e8n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ch\u1ee9a kh\u00ed (thyratron) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c m\u1eabu b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng m\u1eadt m\u00e3, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Colossus t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed3ng minh. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Colossus ra \u0111\u1eddi, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Tunny c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n, khi\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng tin t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Nh\u1edd Colossus, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y r\u00fat ng\u1eafn xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n v\u00e0i gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y l\u00e0 khi l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 D-Day l\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Normandy (Ph\u00e1p) v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6\/1944. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ebb kh\u00f3a nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 huy t\u1ed1i cao \u0110\u1ee9c nhanh h\u01a1n h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Colossus \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p cho phe \u0110\u1ed3ng minh th\u00f4ng tin t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f9. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed3ng minh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Colossus \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

Theo EBSCO, sau khi Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1945, t\u00ednh b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i Bletchley th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Winston Churchill ra l\u1ec7nh th\u00e1o d\u1ee1 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh Colossus.<\/p>\n

An Khang – Trang Phan<\/strong>t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p<\/em><\/p>\n<\/article>\n

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M\u00e1y t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t m\u1eadt gi\u00fap k\u1ebft th\u00fac s\u1edbm Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Colossus, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n gi\u00fap qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed3ng minh gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, t\u1ea1o ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11181,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11180","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cong-nghe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11180","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11180"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11180\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/11181"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11180"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11180"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11180"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}