{"id":17204,"date":"2026-09-15T00:47:22","date_gmt":"2026-09-14T17:47:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/?p=17204"},"modified":"2026-09-15T00:47:22","modified_gmt":"2026-09-14T17:47:22","slug":"tu-lanh-luong-tu-co-nhiet-do-thap-hon-khong-gian-sau","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/?p=17204","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng gian s\u00e2u"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\nT\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng gian s\u00e2u <\/h1>\n

IBM ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh s\u00e2u d\u1ea1ng module c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi -273,14 \u0111\u1ed9 C, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n ra m\u1eaft n\u0103m 2029.<\/p>\n

Live Science<\/em> h\u00f4m 19\/8 \u0111\u01b0a tin IBM ra m\u1eaft t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed modul \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh cho h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m chip l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1edbi -273,14 \u0111\u1ed9 C, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng khi IBM h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ch\u1ecbu l\u1ed7i quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2029, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec5u theo th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

M\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng si\u00eau m\u00e1y t\u00ednh nhanh nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bit nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n, ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef 0 ho\u1eb7c 1, lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y t\u00ednh n\u00e0y d\u00f9ng bit l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gi\u1eefa 0 v\u00e0 1 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh song song, gi\u00fap t\u0103ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh to\u00e1n theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Bit l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (qubit) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9 0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (-273,15 \u0111\u1ed9 C). Qubit ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c. M\u1ed7i khi c\u1ea7n n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c l\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m tra chip, \u0111\u1ed9i k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i d\u1ee1 ni\u00eam phong nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

Interesting Engineering<\/em> cho bi\u1ebft IBM \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh s\u00e2u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n sang h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p t\u00edch h\u1ee3p d\u00e2y d\u1eabn hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c h\u01a1n, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u00f4 li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1, t\u0103ng th\u00eam di\u1ec7n t\u00edch cho b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u1eb1m t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, ngay c\u1ea3 khi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2y, t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed t\u0103ng l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a IBM gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p cho k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u00e1c modul chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chip h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1eb1m \u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c modul v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. M\u1ed7i modul t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh cao h\u01a1n 2,4 m, r\u1ed9ng 2,4 m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 0,25 m3, n\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng d\u00e2y c\u00e1p si\u00eau d\u1eabn h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef L (L-coupler) d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t m\u00e9t. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u chip l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed giao ti\u1ebfp, chia s\u1ebb th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng nhau trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh s\u00e2u d\u1ea1ng modul c\u1ee7a IBM. \u1ea2nh: IBM<\/em><\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, IBM k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p hai modul c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi -269,15 \u0111\u1ed9 C trong ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y 5 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec7t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn -273,14 \u0111\u1ed9 C ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng gian s\u00e2u (-270,45 \u0111\u1ed9 C). Tuy nhi\u00ean, modul v\u1eabn cung c\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111i d\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ea5p 12 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 tr\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a IBM. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed si\u00eau d\u1eabn (QPU) c\u1ee7a IBM ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y n\u00e9n kh\u00ed heli si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh pha lo\u00e3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. H\u1ecd duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ed1ng n\u00f3ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng, mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec7m ch\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec5u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn si\u00eau c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee3i Mylar nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n

IBM d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh tri\u1ec3n khai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh s\u00e2u d\u1ea1ng modul m\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2027, trong \u0111\u00f3 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 2-3 \u00f4 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 1.000 qubit. Theo Next Platform<\/em>, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a IBM l\u00e0 ra m\u1eaft Starling, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ch\u1ecbu l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2029, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a t\u1edbi 200 qubit logic v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 100 tri\u1ec7u ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, g\u1ea5p 20.000 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n nay. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ed7i s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

An Khang – Minh Minh<\/strong>t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p<\/em><\/p>\n<\/article>\n

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https:\/\/vnexpress.net\/tu-lanh-luong-tu-co-nhiet-do-thap-hon-khong-gian-sau-5111415.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng gian s\u00e2u IBM ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh s\u00e2u d\u1ea1ng module c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi -273,14 \u0111\u1ed9 C, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n ra m\u1eaft n\u0103m 2029. Live Science h\u00f4m 19\/8 \u0111\u01b0a tin IBM ra m\u1eaft t\u1ee7<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":17205,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17204","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cong-nghe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17204","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=17204"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17204\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/17205"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=17204"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=17204"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=17204"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}