{"id":20157,"date":"2026-09-29T22:17:20","date_gmt":"2026-09-29T15:17:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/?p=20157"},"modified":"2026-09-29T22:17:20","modified_gmt":"2026-09-29T15:17:20","slug":"diem-chung-phia-sau-thanh-cong-cua-cac-nen-kinh-te-dong-bac-a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/?p=20157","title":{"rendered":"\u0110i\u1ec3m chung ph\u00eda sau th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc \u00c1"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n\u0110i\u1ec3m chung ph\u00eda sau th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc \u00c1 <\/h1>\n

Theo nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m chung ph\u00eda sau th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c hay Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn d\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u00e0i Loan (Trung Qu\u1ed1c) v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c c\u1ea1nh tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 B\u1ed9 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (MITI), Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Chalmers Johnson \u0111\u00e3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Tokyo h\u1ed3i sinh sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II. \u00d4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 Toyota, Mitsubishi, Hitachi hay Sony. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng “n\u1eafm \u0111\u1ea5m th\u00e9p” gi\u00fap Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh then ch\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 luy\u1ec7n kim, \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed.<\/p>\n

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Tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf Sony t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. \u1ea2nh: Sony <\/em><\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

T\u1ea1i H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Alice Amsden \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c (v\u1ed1n \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i, ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c cho c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u1edbn (Chaebol) nh\u01b0 Samsung, Hyundai, LG, POSCO. \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u1eaft khe v\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh th\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng v\u1ed1n: \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u, th\u00e9p, b\u00e1n d\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u00f4 t\u00f4.<\/p>\n

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Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y Ulsan do Hyundai v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4t\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u1ea2nh: Hyundai<\/em><\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Robert Wade ch\u1ec9 ra trong cu\u1ed1n Governing the Market l\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan (Trung Qu\u1ed1c). N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (ITRI) v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Khoa h\u1ecdc T\u00e2n Tr\u00fac. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t B\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u0110\u00e0i Loan (TSMC) theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fac chip chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980 l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 n\u00e9t cho t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 chu\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u0110i sau nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (SOE) quy m\u00f4 si\u00eau l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, luy\u1ec7n kim, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 Huawei, BYD, Tencent v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 5G, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

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Gian h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Huawei t\u1ea1i tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m MWC th\u00e1ng 2\/2023. \u1ea2nh: L\u01b0u Qu\u00fd<\/em><\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

D\u00f9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, song c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Chalmers Johnson, Alice Amsden hay Robert Wade \u0111\u1ec1u ghi nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m chung: qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh then ch\u1ed1t. Nh\u00f3m doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng lan t\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Theo c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u00e9p, \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u, \u00f4t\u00f4, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed hay b\u00e1n d\u1eabn. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1edbn, th\u1eddi gian thu h\u1ed3i v\u1ed1n d\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi doanh nghi\u1ec7p li\u00ean t\u1ee5c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb. Quy m\u00f4 v\u00ec th\u1ebf tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf kh\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Khi t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u1ee7 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c, doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (R&D). Theo OECD, nh\u00f3m doanh nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u0169ng gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, nh\u1edd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh li\u00ean quan. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4t\u00f4, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed hay b\u00e1n d\u1eabn khi m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4 s\u1ebd k\u00e9o theo nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 linh ki\u1ec7n, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u, logistics v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. \u0110\u1ec3 tham gia chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00e2ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb. Qua \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch l\u0169y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1i doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e0u m\u00e0 d\u1ea7n lan sang m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi doanh nghi\u1ec7p xung quanh.<\/p>\n

\u1ede g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi chu\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng qua xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u. Khi doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia cho r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc \u00c1 l\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hay m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh doanh, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng “doanh nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c gia” \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/p>\n

Minh Ng\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/article>\n

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\u0110i\u1ec3m chung ph\u00eda sau th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc \u00c1 Theo nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m chung ph\u00eda sau th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c hay Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn d\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":20158,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20157","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-thi-truong"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20157","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=20157"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20157\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/20158"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=20157"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=20157"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/useful.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=20157"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}